What is the difference between flavonoids and flavonoids

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Ono, and H. Gerdin and E. Li, T. Fu, Y. Dongyan, J. Mikovits, F. Ruscetti, and J. Critchfield, S. Butera, and T. Zandi, B. Teoh, S. Flavonoids are characterized as a plant pigment that is found in many fruits and flowers. The name 'flavonoid'; which has the Latin stem, 'flavus' means yellow.

The common colors for these particular pigments are red, yellow, blue, and purple. The pigments are found in the cytoplasm and plastids of flowering plants. As opposed to other pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, or betalains, certain flavonoids play a distinct role in fruit ripening and capturing certain variants of light within the UV spectrum. They seem to be highly prevalent in plants from the citrus family, as well as pigments common in tea, red wine, dark chocolate, and richly-colored berries.

Bioflavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants. There are over 5, bioflavonoids identified throughout the plant kingdom, many of which have been the subject of preclinical and human research. Individuals are encouraged to understand the plant sources of these compounds for dietary management, as well as the use of dietary supplements containing these ingredients. In order to fully utilize these compounds, it is important to note and differentiate the various terms used throughout the supplement industry, within peer-to-peer conversation, and searchable terminology utilized during research studies.

The use of the terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid are essentially interchangeable. Historically, bioflavonoids or flavonoids were called vitamin P. You will often see the term vitamin P in early studies before the 's. There are numerous classes of flavonoids including isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavanones, flavonols, to name a few.

Four types of flavonoids have been researched for clinical use. From a biochemical prospective, flavonoids are characterized by a hetercyclic oxygen ring. This unique aspect of their make-up can help to identify and differentiate a flavonoid from other pigments in the animal kingdom. Depending on the group of flavonoid, there may be various constituents attached to this hetercyclic oxygen ring.

Its mechanisms can be investigated with this in mind. When recommending a bioflavonoid or complex of bioflavonoids as part of a comprehensive plan, practitioners should attend to the concerns of bioavailability. Some tea extracts contain caffeine, while others are decaffeinated. Flavanol and caffeine content vary considerably among different products, so it is important to check the label or consult the manufacturer to determine the amounts of flavanols and caffeine that would be consumed daily with each supplement for more information on tea flavanols, see the article on Tea.

Citrus bioflavonoid supplements may contain glycosides of hesperetin hesperidin , naringenin naringin , and eriodictyol eriocitrin. Hesperidin is also available in hesperidin-complex supplements, with daily doses from mg to 2 g The peels and tissues of citrus fruit e. Although dietary intakes of these naturally occurring flavones are generally low, they are often present in citrus bioflavonoid complex supplements.

Some tea preparations may also include baicaleinglucuronide The flavonol aglycone, quercetin, and its glycoside rutin are available as dietary supplements without a prescription in the US. Other names for rutin include rutoside, quercetinrutinoside, and sophorin Citrus bioflavonoid supplements may also contain quercetin or rutin. A mg soy isoflavone supplement usually includes glycosides of the isoflavones: genistein genistin; 25 mg , daidzein daidzin; 19 mg , and glycitein glycitin; about 6 mg.

Smaller amounts of daidzein, genistein, and formononetin are also found in biochanin A-containing supplements derived from red clover No adverse effects have been associated with high dietary intakes of flavonoids from plant-based food.

This lack of adverse effects may be explained by the relatively low bioavailability and rapid metabolism and elimination of most flavonoids. Higher doses up to In a recent randomized , double-blind , controlled study in healthy adults, the daily intake of 2 g of cocoa flavanols for 12 weeks was found to be well tolerated with no adverse side effects Central nervous system symptoms, including agitation, restlessness, insomnia, tremors, dizziness, and confusion, have also been reported.

In one case, confusion was severe enough to require hospitalization The total number of adverse events and the number of serious adverse events were not different between the treatment and placebo groups However, the use of green tea extracts was directly associated with abnormally high liver enzyme levels in 7 out of the 12 women who experienced serious adverse events.

Also, the incidence of nausea was twice as high in the green tea arm as in the placebo group The safety of flavonoid supplements in pregnancy and lactation has not been established ATP-binding cassette ABC drug transporters, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein MRP , and breast cancer-resistant protein BCRP , function as ATP -dependent efflux pumps that actively regulate the excretion of a number of drugs limiting their systemic bioavailability 8.

ABC transporters are found throughout the body, yet they are especially important in organs with a barrier function like the intestines, the blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, and the placenta , as well as in liver and kidneys There is some evidence that the consumption of grapefruit juice inhibits the activity of P-glycoprotein Genistein, biochanin A, quercetin, naringenin, hesperetin, green tea flavanol - -CG, - -ECG, and - -EGCG, and others have been found to inhibit the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in cultured cells and in animal models Thus, very high or supplemental intakes of these flavonoids could potentially increase the toxicity of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein, e.

Finally, flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin , flavanones naringenin , flavones apigenin, robinetin , and isoflavones genistein have been reported to inhibit MRP, potentially affecting MRP-mediated transport of many anticancer drugs, e.

Theoretically, high intakes of flavonoids e. Cytochrome P CYP enzymes are phase I biotransformation enzymes involved in the metabolism of a broad range of compounds, from endogenous molecules to therapeutic agents. One grapefruit or as little as mL 7 fluid ounces of grapefruit juice have been found to irreversibly inhibit intestinal CYP3A4 The most potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 in grapefruit are thought to be furanocoumarins, particularly dihydroxybergamottin, rather than flavonoids.

All forms of the fruit — freshly squeezed juice, frozen concentrate, or whole fruit — can potentially affect the activity of CYP3A4. Some varieties of other citrus fruit Seville oranges, limes, and pomelos that contain furanocoumarins can also interfere with CYP3A4 activity. Specifically, the inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4 by grapefruit consumption is known or predicted to increase the bioavailability and the risk of toxicity of more than 85 drugs.

Because drugs with very low bioavailability are more likely to be toxic when CYP3A4 activity is inhibited, they are associated with a higher risk of overdose with grapefruit compared to drugs with high bioavailability. Some of the drugs with low bioavailability include, but are not limited to, anticancer drugs everolimus ; anti-infective agents halofantrine, maraviroc ; statins atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin ; cardioactive drugs amiodarone, clopidogrel, dronedarone, eplenorone, ticagrelor ; HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir , immunosuppressants cyclosporine, sirolimus, tacrolimus, everolimus ; antihistamines terfenadine ; gastrointestinal agents domperidone ; central nervous system agents buspirone, dextromethorphan, oral ketamine, lurasidone, quetiapine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [sertraline] ; and urinary tract agents darifenacin reviewed in Because of the potential for adverse drug interactions, some clinicians recommend that people taking medications with low bioavailability i.

Flavonoids can bind nonheme iron , inhibiting its intestinal absorption , Nonheme iron is the principal form of iron in plant foods, dairy products, and iron supplements. Flavonoids can also inhibit intestinal heme iron absorption Interestingly, ascorbic acid greatly enhances the absorption of iron see the article on Iron and is able to counteract the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on nonheme and heme iron absorption , , To maximize iron absorption from a meal or iron supplements, flavonoid-rich food and beverages and flavonoid supplements should not be consumed at the same time.

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