Who is sultan selim iii

Hij was de 28e Sultan van het Ottomaanse rijk tussen - Selim III was een liefhebber van literatuur en muziek en een volgeling van Jalal ad-Din Rumi, die de orde van de dansende derwishen stichtte. Hij speelde fluit ney en componeerde Turkse klassieke muziek, gebaseerd op de zogenaamde maqam, werken die nog steeds worden uitgevoerd. Hij was daarnaast een voortreffelijk boogschutter. Onder zijn regering leed het Osmaanse rijk een aantal ernstige nederlagen tegen Oostenrijk en Rusland.

Rusland had terrein gewonnen aan de Zwarte Zeekust, en Selim wilde de Krim terug. In begon hij met het hervormen van het leger en de marine. Hij vestigde permanente ambassades in Wenen, Londen, Berlijn en Parijs. Selim III veranderde de Ottomaanse vlag.

Selim zag zich tegen zijn wil in het Russisch-Engelse verbond tegen Frankrijk betrokken door Napoleon Bonaparte's inval in Egypte in In sloot hij vrede met Frankrijk, vastgelegd bij de Vrede van Amiens.

Er begon een tijdperk van reorganisaties in bestuur, onderwijs en leger. The decree of deposition accused Selim III of failing to respect the religion of Islam and the tradition of the Ottomans. Over the course of the next year, the embassies in Europe were dismantled, the nizam-i jedid troops were dispersed, and the deposed sultan, whose cautious military reforms were intended to do no more than preserve the tradition of the Ottomans, was murdered. The Russians went on to win impressive victories over the Turks.

This treaty made the Crimean khanate independent of the Turkish sultan advanced the Russian frontier. Russia was now in a much stronger position to expand, and in Catherine annexed the Crimean Peninsula outright. War broke out in , with Austria again on the side of Russia. Under General Alexander Suvorov, the Russians won several victories that gave them control of the lower Dniester and Danube rivers, and further Russian successes compelled the Turks to sign the Treaty of Jassy on 9 Jan.

When Turkey deposed the Russophile governors of Moldavia and Walachia in , war broke out again, though in a desultory fashion, since Russia was reluctant to concentrate large forces against Turkey while its relations with Napoleonic France were so uncertain. But in , with the prospect of a war between France and Russia in sight, the latter sought a quick decision on its southern frontier.

Ending the war that had begun in , this peace agreement established the Ottoman cession of Bessarabia to Russia. Implementation of the treaty was forestalled by a number of disputes, and Turkish troops invaded Serbia again the following year. He had urgently requested Ottoman assistance during the Third Anglo-Mysore War, in which he had suffered an irreversible defeat.

Tipu Sultan then began to consolidate his relations with France. In an attempt to junction with Tipu Sultan, Napoleon invaded Ottoman Egypt in the year , causing a furor in Constantinople.

But the anarchy, manifest or latent, existing throughout the provinces proved too great for Selim III to cope with. The Janissaries rose once more in revolt, induced the Sheikh ul-Islam to grant a fetva against the reforms, dethroned and imprisoned Selim III, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne, as Mustafa IV — The ayan of Rustchuk, Alemdar Mustafa, a strong partisan of the reforms, collected an army of 40, men and marched on Constantinople with the purpose of reinstating Selim III, but he came too late.

The ill-fated reforming Sultan had been stabbed in the seraglioby the Chief Black Eunuch and his men. Another version about his murder states that at the time of his deposition, Selim was staying at the Harem. Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, a loyalist of Selim, was approaching the city with his army to reinstate Selim. Selim apparently knew his end was coming when he saw their swords drawn. A struggle ensued and the former sultan was cut down and murdered, his last words apparently being "Allahu Akbar" "God is great".

The body was quickly wrapped in a quilt. The assassins moved on to find Prince Mahmud and attempt to murder him too, he was more fortunate though and later ordered the assassins to be executed. Selim III would be the only Ottoman sultan to be killed by the sword. French goals At the same time the year-old Napoleon Bonaparte, a general of the French Republic, returned from his ill-fated Egyptian Campaign. The French seizure of Egypt had produced results contrary to those which Napoleon had intended.

Instead of striking a blow at the colonial power of Britain, the invasion had alarmed the Ottoman Porte and driven it into an alliance with the British as well as the long-standing enemy of the Turks, Russia. Yet, by , the Peace of Amiens would put an end to the war between France and the Second Coalition. The Peace would give Napoleon, who was now the First Consul of France, a respite during which he could begin to mend French relations with the Ottoman Empire.

The years would witness a decidedly pro-Turkish policy on the part of Napoleon. For him, this slowly deteriorating empire would come to play, in these years, an integral role in his European diplomatic strategy. Friendship and alliance with the Ottoman Empire could serve him not only as a useful tool against the commercial power of his greatest enemy, Britain, but even more so by as a means to bend Russia and its Tsar to his will.

In his goal to rebuild and strengthen Franco-Turkish relations, Napoleon benefited from two things. While many European nations had, over the centuries, made agreements and sent ambassadors to the Turkish court, the French had been one of, if not the most highly favored nation. The French were the first to conclude a commercial treaty with the Turks.

French businessmen invested heavily in the Ottoman Empire and by the late 18th Century, all Roman Catholics in the Ottoman Empire were placed under French protection. A second factor which benefited Napoleon was that the Ottoman sultan, Selim III, had, for most of his life, been somewhat disposed towards the French. As the nephew of the Sultan Abdul Hamid, Selim had ascended to the throne in the same year that revolution had exploded in France: Since the time that he had been a young prince, secluded in the palace, Selim had apparently developed a personal taste for things European.

Though he had a fondness for Western European theater, music, art and poetry, his greatest interest was in European military institutions and practices. Even before he became sultan, he had secretly written to the French court of Louis XVI requesting advice on how to build up the Ottoman armed forces to the level of those in Europe.

This early desire for military reform would come to fruition after he became sultan, when the wars between the Ottoman Empire and the ambitious Catherine the Great of Russia had revealed the overall weakness, lack of discipline and lack of training among the Ottoman forces. As a basis for change, he created a new treasury, filled, in large part, from confiscatory punishment leveled at fief holders who had ceased to respect their military obligations.

Among the changes was an attempt to curtail the grand vizier's power by enlargement of the Divan and insistence that important issues be brought before it.

Schools were opened, attention was given to printing and to the circulation of Western translations, and young Turks were sent to Europe for further study. The most significant reforms, however, involved the military. The navy was strengthened, and a navigation school was opened. The army commissariat was changed, officer training was improved, the Bosporus forts were strengthened, the artillery was revitalized, and the new engineering school was reorganized.

Foreign advisers, largely French, assisted. The major innovation was the founding of a new body of regular troops known as nizam-i-jedid new regulation , a term also applied to the reforms as a whole.

The first of these new units, uniformed, well disciplined and drilled, was formed in by a former Turkish lieutenant in the Russian army. Other units followed, involving, in some instances, extensive barracks building with related town facilities, such as the mosques and baths of Scutari. Such buildings constitute Selim's major architectural legacy. He was a composer as well. He was also very fond of fine arts.

Selim was a very modern man and a reformist ruler. He was planning to modernise the Ottoman Empire. When he was acceded, his people revealed their respect to him and they were very hopeful about his administrations.