Are there sentences in poetry

The functions of rhyme are essentially four: pleasurable, mnemonic, structural and rhetorical. Like meter and figurative language , rhyme provides a pleasure derived from fulfillment of a basic human desire to see similarity in dissimilarity, likeness with a difference.

As a mnemonic aid, it couples lines and thoughts, imprinting poems and passages on the mind in a manner that assists later recovery. As a structural device, it helps to define line ends and establishes the patterns of couple, quatrain, stanza, ballad, sonnet, and other poetic units and forms. As a rhetorical device, it helps the poet to shape the poem and the reader to understand it.

Because rhyme links sound, it also links thought, pulling the reader's mind back from the new word to the word that preceded it. The effect of rhyme in a poem depends to a large extent on its association with meter. Rhymes gain emphasis in sound and rhetoric when they are heavily stressed. Rhyme is frequent in the poetry of many but not all languages. It is rare in Greek, Latin, and Old English, though it has been common in English since the 14th century.

A few verse forms: sonnet It. There are two main kinds of sonnet, Italian or Petrarchan and Shakespearean or English. An Italian sonnet is composed of an octave , i. A Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains four-line verses and rhymes abab cdcd efef gg. Heroic couplet : Lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs aa, bb, cc.

A limerick has an aabba rhyme scheme; the first two and last rhymes are trimeter, the third and fourth, dimeter. It is usually dactylic. A - Identical to 1st line. B - Identical to 2nd line. Spenserian stanza : A nine-line stanza with an ababbcbcC rhyme scheme; the capital "C" means the last verse is an Alexandrine, which has six feet instead of five, i.

CONTENT: When reading a poem, try to get to its intended message, what the poet is trying to communicate in this poem; this may be quite different from the apparent, literal meaning of the poem. Sometimes a poet is simply trying to communicate a certain feeling, and uses various devices to create that feeling or an understanding of it in the reader. Sometimes a poem is mostly form with little meaning; its main effect may be visual or auditory. This is called abstract poetry.

Irony falls mainly into three categories: 1 verbal: meaning something contrary to what the words seem to say; this assumes a tacit understanding between speaker and listener as regards the true situation; 2 dramatic: saying or doing something while unaware of its contrast with the whole truth, i.

Situational irony is the very essence of both comedy and tragedy. Lyrical poetry began in ancient Greece in connection with music, as poetry sung for the most part to the accompaniment of a lyre. Old English brid became Modern English bird through metathesis; a modern example would be pretty, purty. The population explosion has paved the way for new intellectual growth. Odes written in the classical vein can follow very strict metrical patterns and rhyme schemes, however, many modern odes are written in free verse involving irregular rhythm and without adherence to a rhyme scheme.

These are long narrative poems that recount heroic tales, usually focused on a legendary or mythical figure. Many of these are to be found in other writing genres too, particularly other creative forms such as short stories, novels, and creative nonfiction. They rely on the musicality of words; their rhythm and rhyme. They focus on various sound effects that can be created by the carefully chosen word.

Other devices are more concerned with imagery. They forge connections between various ideas and conjure pictures in the minds of the readers. Together, these devices lift poetry into the realm of art.

The following devices are organized into two sections. The first section titled Sound Devices deals with the following devices: alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme, and rhythm.

The second section Figurative Language deals with metaphor, personification , and simile. These are not meant as an exhaustive list, but to give an indication of the possibilities for these elements of poetry.

You can find many more examples of these in our article on figurative language. Students will benefit from learning the definitions of each of these devices over time. While it is important that they learn to recognize their use in the poetry of others and to learn to appreciate the effects these devices can create, it is equally important that the students get a chance to have a go at creating their own examples of these devices in their own writing.

It is only by trying their hand at employing these devices in their own work that students can really internalize how these devices operate. Meaning: This device involves the repetition of the initial consonant sound of a series of words, often consecutively. Alliteration is most easily explained to students through looking at a few simple tongue twisters, such as Peter Piper or She Sells Seashells.

Exercise: Challenge the students to write their own tongue twisters using alliteration. You may wish to give them a topic to write on to get started.

For example, younger students may well enjoy writing about animals. They may even wish to employ the sounds animals make in their tongue twister e. The slithering snake slid sideways through the grass … Once they have written their poem see if they can identify any other elements of poetry within it. Meaning: Similarly to alliteration, assonance involves the repetition of sounds in a series of words, often consecutive words. However, rather than repeating the initial sounds, assonance focuses on the internal vowel sounds that are repeated.

We can find many examples of assonance in poetry and song. It is very common in many forms of popular music, especially rap.

Challenge your students to find examples of assonance in the music they listen to and share them with the class. They may also want to try their hand at writing their own examples too. Meaning: Consonance is the consonant-focused counterpart to assonance. It involves the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words, as distinguished from alliteration where the initial sound is repeated. Example: The crow struck through the thick cloud like a rocket. Exercise: As there are lots of similarities between the devices alliteration, assonance, and consonance, it would be a good idea to give the students opportunities to practice distinguishing between them.

A good exercise to achieve this is to have them first identify examples of each device from a verse in a poetry anthology, before challenging them to come up with original examples of each on their own. The students can then use the examples they have identified as models to create their own. Meaning: Onomatopoeia refers to the process of creating words that sound like the very thing they refer to.

For many students, the first introduction to onomatopoeia goes back to learning animal sounds as an infant. Words such as Oink! Be sure to examine these elements of poetry with your younger students first. Example: Aside from animal noises, the names of sounds themselves are often onomatopoeic, for example:. Exercise: Encourage students to coin new onomatopoeic words. Instruct them to sit in silence for a few minutes. They should pay close attention to all the sounds they can hear in the environment.

When the time is up, have the students quickly jot down all the noises they heard. They should then come up with an onomatopoeic word for each of the different sounds. As an extension, they could then try to use their freshly-minted words in sentences.

Meaning: Rhyme refers to the repetition of sounds in a poem. Various types of rhyme are possible, however in English we usually use the term rhyme to refer to the repetition of the final sounds in a line, or end rhyme. Letters are often used to denote a rhyme scheme. A new letter is ascribed to each of the different sounds. For example, in the following example the rhyme scheme is described as ABAB. Exercise: Even though a lot of modern poetry no longer follows a strict rhyme scheme, it is still helpful for students to be able to recognize various rhyming patterns in poetry.

A good way for them to gain more experience with rhyme schemes is to give them copies of several different poems and ask them to describe the rhyme scheme using letters e. Wolf had argued that if the cyclic writers had known the Iliad and Odyssey which we possess, they would have imitated the unity of structure which distinguishes these two poems.

The result of Welcker's labours was to show that the Homeric poems had influenced both the form and the substance of epic poetry. If, as has been maintained in the preceding pages, the external evidence regarding Homer is of no value, the problem now before us may be stated in this form: Given two poems of which nothing is known except that they are of the same school of poetry , what is the probability that they are by the same author?

A few words remain to be said on the style and general character of the Homeric poems, and on the comparisons which may be made between Homer and analogous poetry in other countries. The proof that Homer does not belong to that school - that his poetry is not in any true sense " ballad- poetry " - is furnished by the higher artistic structure of his poems already discussed , and as regards style by the fourth of the qualities distinguished by Arnold - the quality of nobleness.

But between these lays and Homer we must place the cultivation of epic poetry as an art. The development of epic poetry properly so called out of the oral songs or ballads of a country is a process which in the nature of things can seldom be observed.

Narrative poetry of great interest is found in several countries such as Spain and Servia , in which it has never attained to the epic stage. Like the French epics, Homeric poetry is indigenous, and is distinguished by this fact, and by the ease of movement and the simplicity which result from it, from poets such as Virgil, Dante and Milton. In Virgil's poetry a sense of the greatness of Rome and Italy is the leading motive of a passionate rhetoric, partly veiled by the " chosen delicacy " of his language.

In fact, Brahma, having performed his legitimate part in the mundane evolution by his original creation of the universe, has retired into the background, being, as it were, looked upon as functus officio, like a venerable figure of a former generation, whence in epic poetry he is commonly styled pitamaha, " the grandsire. In this style are the town hall , and a house dated , in which was born in Thomas Percy, bishop of Dromore, the editor of the Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.

Towards the close of Keble was elected to fill the chair of the poetry professorship in Oxford, as successor to his friend and admirer, Dean Milman. He delivered a series of lectures, clothed in excellent idiomatic Latin as was the rule , in which he expounded a theory of poetry which was original and suggestive.

He looked on poetry as a vent for overcharged feeling, or a full imagination, or some imaginative regret, which had not found their natural outlet in life and action. This suggested to him a distinction between what he called primary and secondary poets - the first employing poetry to relieve their own hearts, the second, poetic artists, composing poetry from some other and less impulsive motive.

The same year in which burst this ecclesiastical storm saw the close of Keble's tenure of the professorship of poetry , and thenceforward he was seen hut rarely in Oxford. He points to features of the lake of Gennesareth, which were first touched in the Christian Year; and he observes that throughout the book "the Biblical scenery is treated graphically as real scenery, and the Biblical history and poetry as real history and poetry.

Frederick's ideal of civilization was derived in a large measure from Provence, where a beautiful culture had prematurely bloomed, filling southern Europe with the perfume of poetry and gentle living.

In these compositions, remarkable for their lacile handling of medieval Latin rhymes and rhythms, the allegorizing mysticism which envelops chivalrous poetry is discarded.

The choice of the two names has some significance, when we consider his later literary life as the associate of the Queen Anne poets and as a collector of old Scots poetry. Rhydderch Hen appears to have secured the supremacy amongst these Welsh princes after the great battle of Ardderyd fought about the year , to which frequent reference is made in early Welsh poetry.

These are unequivocally pantheistic in tone, and the desire of the soul to escape and rest with God is expressed with all the fervour of Eastern poetry. The literatures of all Moslem peoples are largely inspired by Arabic, which has produced a voluminous collection of works in prose and poetry.

But with Wagner, just as there are people who have never tried to follow a sonata but who have been awakened by his music-dramas to a sense of the possibilities of serious music, so there are lovers of music who avow that they owe to Wagner their appreciation of poetry. In his next work, Die Meistersinger, Wagner ingeniously made poetry and drama out of an explicit manifesto to musical critics, and proved the depth of his music by developing its everyday resources and so showing that its vitality does not depend on that extreme emotional force that makes Tristan and Isolde almost unbearably poignant.

But it was Wordsworth, a native of Cumberland, born on the outskirts of the Lake District itself, who really made it a. Mecca for lovers of English poetry. Wordsworth's theories of poetry - the objects best suited for poetic treatment, the characteristics of such treatment and the choice of diction suitable for the purpose - may be said to have grown out of the soil and substance of the lakes and mountains, and out of the homely lives of the people, of Cumberland and Westmoreland.

Parallel with this great production of learned and imaginative works, Dahn published some twenty small volumes of poetry. They have the same love for poetry , music and romance; the same intense pride in their race and history; many of the same superstitions and customs.

The Christians retain the Servian costume, modified in detail, as by the occasional use of the turban or fez. It ought to be premised that the poetry of the old school is greatly superior to the prose. They set the fashion of ghazel-writing; and their appearance was the signal for a more regular cultivation of poetry and a greater attention to literary style and to refinement of language.

Besides his Divan, he left a beautiful mesnevi on the story of Leyli and Mejnun, as well as some prose works little inferior to his poetry. The whole tone, sentiment and form of Ottoman literature have been revolutionized by the new school: varieties of poetry hitherto unknown have been adopted from Europe; an altogether new branch of literature, the drama, has arisen; while the sciences are now treated and seriously studied after the system of the West. He wrote with conspicuous success in almost every branch of literature - history, romance, ethics, poetry and the drama; and his influence on the Young Turk party of later days was profound.

He was not only the oldest native dramatist, but the first author of an epic poem Bellum Punicum - which, by combining the representation of actual contemporary history with a mythical background, may be said to have created the Roman type of epic poetry.

Sometimes Clement discusses chronology, sometimes philosophy, sometimes poetry , entering into the most minute critical and chronological details; but one object runs through all, and this is to show what the true Christian Gnostic is, and what is his relation to philosophy. Little is known of him except that he belonged to a family of Yemen, was hold in repute as a grammarian in his own country, wrote much poetry , compiled astronomical tables, devoted most of his life to the study of the ancient history and geography of Arabia, and died in prison at San'a in The word Isis is probably an academic rendering of Ouse or Isca, a common British river name, but there is no reason to suppose that it ever had much vogue except in poetry or in the immediate neighbourhood of Oxford.

The singular adaptability of the Portuguese language to poetical expression, coupled with the imaginative temperament of the people, has led to an unusual production and appreciation of poetry. The percentage of educated men who have written little volumes of lyrics is surprisingly large, and this may be accounted for by the old Portuguese custom of reciting poetry with musical accompaniment.

Up to the age of twenty-five Herculano had been a poet, but he then abandoned poetry to Garrett, and after several essays in that direction he definitely introduced the historical novel into Portugal in by a book written in imitation of Walter Scott. By far the greatest disciple of Aquinas is Dante Alighieri, in whose Divina Commedia the theology and philosophy of the middle ages, as fixed by Saint Thomas, have received the immortality which poetry alone can bestow.

A few names were, however, distinguished in theology, philology and poetry. In polite literature the heroic poem Zrinyidsz , descriptive of the fall of Sziget, by Nicholas Zrinyi, grandson of the defender of that fortress, marks a new era in Hungarian poetry. Those of John Kis, the friend of Berzsenyi, cover a wide range of subjects, and comprise, besides original poetry , many translations from the Greek, Latin, French, German and English, among which last may be mentioned renderings from Blair, Pope and Thomson, and notably his translation, published at Vienna in , of Lowth's " Choice of Hercules.

As generally able writers of lyrical poetry during the earlier part of this period may be mentioned among others Francis Csaszar, Joseph Szekacs and Andrew Kunoss-also Lewis Szakal and Alexander Vachott, whose songs and romances are of an artless and simple character, and the sacred lyricist Bela Tarkanyi.

Faithful renderings by Lewis Szeberenyi, Theodore Lehoczky and Michael Fincicky of the popular poetry of the Slavic nationalities appeared in vols. Among the prominent lyrists whose works, although partly published before , belong largely to the later period, the following deserve special mention: The poetry of Emil Abra.

Hungary there is a growing tendency to socialistic poetry , to the " poetry of misery " A nyomor kolteszete. In epic poetry Josef Kiss's Jehova is the most popular work. The Franciscan friar Kacic, who did so much for the revival of popular poetry in Bosnia and Dalmatia in the midth century, shows similar traces of Serbophil feeling, and the achievements of Dusan and other Serbian Tsars have bulked almost as largely in the modern literature of the Croats as of the Serbs themselves. He brought out his first play, La Belle au bois dormant, in and his first volume of poetry , La Chambre blanche, in From the time of Hyrcanus downwards the ideal of the princely high priests became more and more divergent from the ideal of the pious in Israel, and in the Psalter of Solomon we see religious poetry turned against the lords of the Temple and its worship.

The life and writings of Bardaisan, " the last of the gnostics," and in some sense the father of Syriac literature and especially of Syriac poetry , have been treated in a separate article.

His attention was first directed to poetry ; and more than once he competed for prizes of the French Academy, but never with success. For the former class the generic name is Xgtwv, a word of Semitic origin, which denotes the Eastern origin of the garment; for the latter we find in Homer and early poetry irbrXos, in later times ij tnnov.

A collected edition was published in Accius wrote other works of a literary character: Didascalicon and Pragmaticon libri, treatises in verse on the history of Greek and Roman poetry , and dramatic art in particular; Parerga and Praxidica perhaps identical on agriculture; and an Annales.

His Eastern travels Voyage en Orient appeared in , his Chute d'un ange and Jocelyn in , and his Recueillements, the last remarkable volume of his poetry , in Lamartine's chief misfortune in poetry was not only that his note was a somewhat weak one, but that he could strike but one. La Chute d'un ange, in which the Byronic influence is more obvious than in any other of Lamartine's works, and in which some have also seen that of Alfred de Vigny, is more ambitious in theme, and less regulated by scrupulous conditions of delicacy in handling, than most of its author's poetry.

His characteristics in his prose fiction and descriptive work are not very different from those of his poetry. His power of initiative in poetry was very small, and the range of poetic ground which he could cover strictly limited. The poets of the Augustan age, who were deeply interested both in his philosophy and in his poetry , are entirely silent about the tragical story of his life. His silence on the subject of Roman greatness and glory as contrasted with the prominence of these subjects in the poetry of men of provincial birth such as Ennius, Virgil and Horace, may be explained by the principle that familiarity had made the subject one of less wonder and novelty to him.

Most famous in connexion with this kind of poetry are Xenophanes and Parmenides, the Eleatics and Empedocles of Agrigentum. But of the three claims which he makes to immortality, the importance of his subject, his desire to liberate the mind from the bonds of superstition and the charm and lucidity of his poetry - that which he himself regarded as supreme was the second.

His only important precursors in serious poetry were Ennius and Lucilius, and, though he derived from the first of these an impulse to shape the Latin tongue into a fitting vehicle for the expression of elevated emotion and imaginative conception, he could find in neither a guide to follow in the task he set before himself.

But the result of these conditions and of his own inadequate conception of the proper limits of his art is that his best poetry is clogged with a great mass of alien matter, which no treatment in the world could have made poetically endurable.

Although Voltaire had neither the perfect versification of Racine nor the noble poetry of Corneille, he surpassed the latter certainly, and the former in the opinion of some not incompetent judges, in playing the difficult and artificial game of the French tragedy.

It is true that there is nothing, or hardly anything, that properly deserves the name of poetry in them - no passion, no sense of the beauty of nature, only a narrow "criticism of life," only a conventional and restricted choice of language, a cramped and monotonous prosody, and none of that indefinite suggestion which has been rightly said to be of the poetic essence.

It is used chiefly in poetry and literature for one who announces the immediate approach of something, a forerunner. Beside the letters, he was the author of liturgical poetry and works on civil law. Although Ken wrote much poetry , besides his hymns, he cannot be called a great poet; but he had that fine combination of spiritual insight and feeling with poetic taste which marks all great hymnwriters.

The literary value of the Meistersinger poetry was hardly in proportion to the large part it played in the life of the German towns of the 15th and 16th centuries. At the same time there was a certain healthy aspect in the cultivation of the Meistergesang among the German middle classes of the 15th and 16th centuries; the Meistersinger poetry , if not great or even real poetry , had - especially in the hands of a poet like Hans Sachs - many germs of promise for the future.

It is important to note that in conceiving philosophic studies to be all one with historical studies and attaining to this unity in himself, he cultivated historical studies to an equal extent with purely theoretical and speculative studies, concentrating especially upon the history of thought and poetry.

Among his principal works upon these subjects may be noted the four volumes of Letteratura della nuova Italia ; his essays upon Goethe, Ariosto, Shakespeare, Corneille, and the Poetry of Dante; his two volumes Storia della storiografia italiana del secolo XIX. The Praefatio goes on to say that it was reported that the poet, till then knowing nothing of the art of poetry , had been admonished in a dream to turn into verse the precepts of the divine law, which he did with so much skill that his work surpasses in beauty all other German poetry ut cuncta Theudisca poemata suo vincat decore.

That the author of the Heliand was, so to speak, another Ca dmon - an unlearned man who turned into poetry what was read to him from the sacred writings - is impossible, because in many passages the text of the sources is so closely followed that it is clear that the poet wrote with the Latin books before him. Two other features of Arabian poetry are probably connected with the necessity for aiding the memory.

The transmission of early Arabic poetry has been very imperfect. Geyer, Vienna, ; Iiatim Ta'i, renowned for his open-handed generosity as well as for his poetry ed.

Had the simplicity and religious severity of the first four caliphs continued in their successors, the fate of poetry would have been hard. Probably little but religious poetry would have been allowed. Poetry depended on patronage, and that was to be had now chiefly in the court of the caliph and the residences of his governors.

Yet the old forms of poetry were kept. Thus poetry became more and more artificial, until in the Abbasid period poets arose who felt themselves strong enough to give up the worn-out forms and adopt others more suitable. As a dweller in the town he was independent of the old forms of poetry , which controlled all others, but his influence among poets was not great enough to perpetuate the new style. With the establishment of the Abbasid dynasty, a new epoch in Arabian poetry began.

The rise of Persian influence made itself felt in much the same way as the Norman influence in England by bringing a newer refinement into poetry.

Here in Motanabbi the claims of modern poetry not only to equal but to excel the ancient were put forward and in part at any rate recognized. The earliest of these is the Mo'allakat. This, which is known as " Adab literature," is anecdotic in style with much quotation of early poetry and proverb. The materials were supplied in the first place by oral tradition, in the second by the dictata of older scholars, and finally by various kinds of documents, such as treaties, letters, collections of poetry and genealogical lists.

The two parts of this play, like all those by Castro, have the genuine ring of the old romances; and, from their intense nationality, no less than for their primitive poetry and flowing versification, were among the most popular pieces of their day.

Peruvian literature since the independence has also attained high merit in the walks of poetry and romance. He thought his poetry too imitative, detecting not only the truthful severity of Crabbe, but a "slight bravura dash of the fair tuneful Hemans. The idea of the god of love in Roman poetry is due to the influence of Alexandrian poets and artists, in whose hands he degenerated into a mischievous boy with essentially human characteristics.

The Old English word appears in various forms, e. The rich pastoral scenery of this part of Lincolnshire influenced the imagination of the boy, and is plainly reflected in all his early poetry , although it has now been stated with authority that the localities of his subject-poems, which had been ingeniously identified with real brooks and granges, were wholly imaginary. This book would have been astonishing as the production of a youth of twenty-one, even if, since the death of Byron six years before, there had not been a singular dearth of good poetry in England.

Careless alike of fame and of influence, Tennyson spent these years mainly at Somersby, in a uniform devotion of his whole soul to the art of poetry. The time slipped by with incidents but few and slight, Tennyson's popularity in Great Britain growing all the time to an extent unparalleled in the whole annals of English poetry. Believing that his work with the romantic Arthurian epics was concluded, Tennyson now turned his attention to a department of poetry which had long attracted him, but which he had never seriously attempted - the drama.

For an unusually long period this particular poetry had occupied public and professional opinion, and all the commonplace things about it had been said and re-said to satiety. Hence, among all the English poets, it is Tennyson who presents the least percentage of entirely unattractive poetry.

It was during the solitude of his voyage to France, when on deck at night, that he first shaped his idea of the genesis of primitive poetry , and of the gradual evolution of humanity. For some time he had been greatly interested by the poetry of the north, more particularly Percy's Reliques, the poems of " Ossian" in the genuineness of which he like many others believed and the works of Shakespeare.

While much that Herder produced after settling in Weimar has little value, he wrote also some of his best works, among others his collection of popular poetry on which he had been engaged for many years, Stimmen der Volker in Liedern ; his translation of the Spanish romances of the Cid ; his celebrated work on Hebrew poetry , Vom Geist der hebrdischen Poesie ; and his opus magnum, the Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit This historical idea was carried by Herder into the regions of poetry , art, religion, language, and finally into human culture as a whole.

In the Fragmente he aims at nationalizing German poetry and freeing it from all extraneous influence. He looked at poetry as a kind of " proteus among the people, which changes its form according to language, manners, habits, according to temperament and climate, nay, even according to the accent of different nations. This same idea of necessary relation to national character and circumstance is also applied to dramatic poetry , and more especially to Shakespeare.

Beyond this, he eloquently pleaded the cause of painting as a distinct art, which Lessing in his desire to mark off the formative arts from poetry and music had confounded with sculpture. He thus intimately associated religion with mythology and primitive poetry. The statues of Gutenberg, Fust and Schoffer form a group on the top; an ornamented frieze presents medallions of a number of famous printers; below these are figures representing the towns of Mainz, Strassburg, Venice and Frankfort; and on the corners of the pedestal are allegorical statues of theology, poetry , science and industry.

In their poetry above everything the Japanese have remained impervious to alien influences. That is Japanese poetry eta or tanka. It is not to be inferred that the writers of Japan, enamoured as they were of Chinese ideographs and Chinese style, deliberately excluded everything Chinese from the realm of poetry. On the contrary, many of them took pleasure in composing versicles to which Chinese words were admitted and which showed something of the parallelism peculiar to Chinese poetry , since the first ideograph of the last line was required to be identical with the final ideograph.

The two greatest masters of Japanese poetry were Hitomaro and Akahito, both of the early 8th century, and next to them stands Tsurayuki, who flourished at the beginning of the 10th century, and is not supposed to have transmitted his mantle to any successor. The poetry of the nation remained immovable in the ancient groove until very modern times, when, either by direct access to the originals or through the medium of very defective translations, the nation became acquainted with the masters of Occidental song.

A small coterie of authors, headed by Professor Toyama, then attempted to revolutionize Japanese poetry by recasting it on European lines. Apart from philosophical researches and the development of the drama, as above related, the Tokugawa era is remarkable for folk-lore, moral discourses, fiction and a peculiar form of poetry. In short, Japanese pictures are like Japanese poetry : they do not supply thought but only awaken it.

The native style, Yamato or Wa-gwa-ryi, was an adaptation of Chinese art canons to motives drawn from the court life, poetry Native and stories of old Japan. It occurs frequently in poetry , owing to the alteration for metrical reasons of the natural order of words; Jevons quotes as an example Shakespeare, Henry VI. Several monthly publications had come into existence since , but perhaps the first germ of the magazine is to be found in the Gentleman's Journal of Peter Motteux, which, besides the news of the month, contained miscellaneous prose and poetry.